Antimalarial Action: Hydroxychloroquine is believed to accumulate in the acidic vacuoles of the parasite, preventing the polymerization of heme. This disrupts the detoxification of heme, leading to its toxic accumulation, ultimately causing damage to the parasite.

Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects: Hydroxychloroquine has immunomodulatory properties, influencing the activity of the immune system. It can inhibit certain pathways involved in the inflammatory response, particularly toll-like receptors and the activation of immune cells like macrophages.

Inhibition of Autophagy: Hydroxychloroquine may affect cellular processes, including autophagy, which is a mechanism for the degradation and recycling of cellular components. This can have implications for various cell functions, including immune responses.